随着 5G 通信服务开始推行和逐渐普及，越来越多支持高频信号的印刷电路板 (PCB) 被生产出来。这些电路板必须具备卓越的频率特性。以前，PCB 的频率特性通过使用测试样板进行抽样检查。Yamaha® MP 系列与 R&S®ZNBT 矢量网络分析仪相结合，可以快速、准确地测量批量生产的产品的高频特性，因此能够全面测量批量生产的 PCB。

1月 27, 2020

Modern automotive radar systems occupy very wide bandwidth in order to have a good location resolution. In most cases the bandwidth is a result of frequency modulation or fast frequency hopping techniques, in some cases also pulse modulation is used. Besides the measurement of the frequency variation over time like deviation and linearity, the verification of emissions according to EN or FCC standards is mandatory. ETSI regulations for measuring peak transmission power from radar operating at 77-81 GHz require 50 MHz resolution bandwidth for the measurements. Publications are available that describe the measurements on pulsed UWB or MB-OFDM signals in detail, for frequency-modulated signals the information is limited.This application note provides information how to perform spectral emission measurements on frequency modulated CW signals with spectrum analyzers using RBW filters with very wide bandwidth, and explains the capabilities and the limiting factors of the Rohde & Schwarz FSW signal and spectrum analyzer to perform this measurement.

Jun 28, 2019 | AN-No. 1EF107

R&S®FSW 提供多种不同的带宽选件，这些选件可与外部谐波混频器结合以将分析仪的频率范围扩展到最高 325 GHz。本应用说明将结合所需的中频频率介绍带宽选件和混频器的可能组合。

6月 16, 2020

Rohde & Schwarz recognizes the potential risk of computer virus infection when connecting Windows®-based test instrumentation to other computers via local area networks (LANs), or using removable storage devices. This white paper introduces measures to minimize malware threats and discusses ways to mitigate risks while insuring that instrument performance is not compromised. The paper discusses the use of anti-virus software, with recommended configuration settings. It also outlines how to keep the Windows® XP operating system properly updated through regular installation of OS patches.

Oct 04, 2012 | AN-No. 1EF73

For measurements of non-connectorized devices, test fixtures, probes or other structures are used to adapt from the coaxial interface of the test setup to the device under test (DUT). For accurate measurements of the DUT, these lead-ins and lead-outs need to be characterized, so that their effects can be mathematically removed, i.e. de-embedded from the measurement results.This application note provides practical hints to accurately characterize and de-embed these lead-in and lead-out structures with R&S Vector Network Analyzers ZNA, ZNB, ZNBT and ZND. As de-embedding is also essential in other test equipment like oscilloscopes, etc., this guide also describes, how lead-ins and lead-outs can be accurately characterized with a VNA and then exported as an S-Parameter file to be used by other test instruments.

Sep 19, 2022 | AN-No. 1SL367

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3月 14, 2016

This paper describes the measurement of additive/residual phase noise of power amplifiers or multipliers for example for automotive RADAR sensors at 80 GHz using the interferometric measurement approach in combination with a phase noise and VCO tester R&S FSWP. The setup provides a way to characterize the additive/residual phase noise of amplifiers down to -150 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset even in the microwave range at 80 GHz.

Sep 11, 2024 | AN-No. 1EF117

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2月 20, 2015

信号故障和异常可能导致电气和电子系统故障。特别是在现场操作中，这些错误可能导致系统停机并产生高成本。因此，快速高效地发现错误并查明原因至关重要。

12月 30, 2015

该应用指南描述了根据 EMS 标准 IEC / EN 61000-4-6 进行 EMC 测量的一般装置以及所需设备。

3月 29, 2007 | AN-No. 1SP31

Selecting Your Next Oscilloscope:

If you are selecting your next oscilloscope and want more insight on how to understand ENOB values measured and published by oscilloscope manufacturers, this document is for you. The effective number of bits (ENOB) is a way of quantifying the quality of analog to digital conversion. A higher ENOB means that voltage levels recorded in analog to digital conversion are more accurate. Understanding oscilloscope vendor-supplied ENOB values can be complex. This document focuses on interpretation of measured ENOB results made on oscilloscopes rather than the math behind ENOB calculations.

Jun 21, 2024 | AN-No. 1TD12

该应用指南描述了如何通过 GPIB 或 LAN 接口快速无缝地将 R&S® 测试与测量产品连接到 AWR® Visual System Simulator™ (VSS)。 使用针对罗德与施瓦茨硬件定制的 AWR® Connected™ 以及 R&S® WinIQSIM2™ 信号仿真软件，该应用指南突显了数字无线电标准的灵活性并展示了到 VSS 的集成。

5月 20, 2010 | AN-No. 1MA174

此应用指南描述了维护修理、开发简单电路和培训开发通常所需的基础频率滤波器测量。这些测量并不总是需要高端测试与测量设备。此类别的仪器通常具有非常广泛的测量功能，以及潜在最佳 RF 性能。不过，简单应用并不需要这些特性。此应用指南特此描述使用具有高性价比的罗德与施瓦茨 Value Instruments 系列仪器进行测量。此系列的仪器不仅具有高品质要求用户所期望的测量精准度，而且操作简单，兼具日常测量任务所需的所有功能。

3月 27, 2015 | AN-No. 1MA243

车辆中安装的 FMCW 雷达传感器用于自适应巡航控制以及盲点辅助、变道辅助和十字路口交通辅助。雷达传感器可用于探测周围区域，是未来半自主驾驶车辆和全自主驾驶车辆的关键组件。自主驾驶需要使用雷达可靠地探测周围区域中的物体。雷达能够快速、精确地测量多个物体的径向速度、距离、方位角和仰角。因此，汽车行业越来越多地在高级驾驶员辅助系统 (ADAS) 中采用此技术。罗德与施瓦茨提供测试与测量解决方案，能够生成、测量和分析雷达信号与组件，确保传感器无故障运行。高性能示波器 R&S®RTP 具备四个测量通道，非常适用于针对 MIMO 雷达传感器的多通道测量，以及测量电源路径等其他信号的相关性，而使用频谱分析仪如 R&S®FSW85 则可提供高达 85 GHz 的动态范围。本应用指南重点介绍如何使用 R&S®RTP 示波器测量和分析带宽高达 6 GHz 的 FMCW 雷达信号。本指南还将介绍针对单通道和多通道测量的脉冲与线性调频车载分析功能，以及结合使用示波器与 R&S®VSE 软件。本应用指南展示了在 77 GHz 至 81 GHz 频段内测量带宽为 4 GHz 的 FMCW 雷达信号。

8月 07, 2019 | AN-No. GFM318

This application note describes the suitability of the R&S®ZVM and R&S®ZVK as multichannel microwave receivers for antenna measurements and RCS measurements including measurements on pulsed signals. Application examples describe the measurement possibilities on pulsed signals using the R&S®ZVM/ZVK as stand-alone units. In addition, various R&S®ZVM/ZVK-based antenna measurement systems of the March Microwave company are presented in detail.

Sep 10, 2004 | AN-No. 1EZ52

设计隔离开关电源 (SMPS) 时，高频变压器非常关键。使用定制变压器进行设计时，漏感至关重要，有助于控制效率、开关元件最大额定电压和电磁干扰 (EMI) 等多种设计参数。此寄生参数必须进行准确测量。R&S®LCX LCR 表非常适合这种极具挑战性的测量任务。

2月 15, 2022

该应用指南介绍了一种适用于生成和分析 WiMAX IEEE 802.16 信号以便进行功率放大器测试的程序。 该程序便于用户更改发生器设置、选择特定的预定义测试参数以及分析测试结果。 该应用指南描述了测试参数以及程序的特性及功能。

8月 03, 2007 | AN-No. RAC-0611-0025

基于自动电平控制 (ALC) 的独特测试装置使用 R&S®ZVA矢量网络分析仪和 R&S®BBA150宽带放大器，可以在短测试时间内提供高度准确且可复制的结果。

9月 27, 2013

3GPP TS36.141 规定了针对 EUTRA 基站 (eNodeB) 的一致性测试。 第 12 版 (LTE Advanced) 中加入了多项测试，比如针对连续及非连续多载波和/或载波聚合 (CA) 场景的测试。该应用指南描述了如何使用来自罗德与施瓦茨的矢量信号发生器轻松快速地执行所有必要的接收机 (Rx) 测试（TS36.141 第 7 章）。 有些测试还需要使用罗德与施瓦茨的频谱分析仪。示例说明具体的手动操作。免费软件程序支持远程操作并进行了演示。LTE 基站发射机 (Tx) 测试（TS36.141 第 6 章）如应用指南 1MA154 中所述。LTE 基站性能 (Px) 测试（TS36.141 第 8 章）如应用指南 1MA162 中所述。

5月 11, 2016 | AN-No. 1MA195

R&S®SMBV100B 信号发生器具有远程仿真功能，可通过内置原生 SCPI 命令外的其他命令控制仪器。用户可利用此功能将其他制造商的信号发生器替换为 R&S®SMBV100B，而无需更改远程控制代码。此应用指南概述了如何使用远程仿真功能。此外，此应用指南还详细描述了每台受支持仪器的远程仿真、单独仿真的局限性，以及仿真命令与原始命令之间的差异。

9月 30, 2019 | AN-No. 1GP121

随着对 IP 和有线电视 (CATV) 的数据率与灵活性的要求越来越高，DOCSIS®3.1 应运而生。下行通道和上行通道带宽分别高达 192 MHz 和 96 MHz，有线网络频率扩展至 1.2 GHz（未来可能扩展到 1.8 GHz），致使电缆组件需满足更高的技术要求。此应用指南描述了一种测试场景，可使用适用于 DOCSIS 3.1 的 R&S®CLGD 全频道负载信号发生器或 R&S®SFD DOCSIS 3.1 信号发生器和 R&S®FSW 信号与频谱分析仪测试电缆组件。

1月 24, 2017 | AN-No. 1MA285

RSIB 接口便于通过 DDE 使用 Windows 应用程序控制 ZVR 系列的网络分析仪。DLL RSIB.DLL 中已经列入了接口功能。 另一个 DLL RSDDE.DLL 中描述了通过 DDE 访问仪器固件的功能。 这些功能根据 RSIB.DLL 使用。 这些功能接口在很大程度上对应于 National Instruments 针对 GPIB 编程使用的接口。 功能名称与 NI 库中的名称相似，但前面加上 RSDLL。 两个 DLL 是固件的一部分，并且使用固件更新套件更新。

7月 31, 1998 | AN-No. 1EZ33

Mobile network operators worldwide face cost pressures and escalating network complexity. The advent of 5G-NR has ushered in new use cases and flexibility, but it also comes with more stringent performance and availability requirements.Machine Learning can serve as a catalyst for the market to unearth deep insights that would otherwise remain concealed. It can also significantly streamline everyday tasks by fostering a smarter system that guides users through their routine work processes, rather than obliging them to repeat each (manual) step. Rohde & Schwarz Mobile Network Testing has focused its efforts on delivering Machine Learning use cases that distill relevant insights from drive testing data, thereby offering substantial benefits to users.This educational note explains the motivation and reasoning why this kind of approach is needed, what are the benefits of the machine learning offering and it takes a deeper look into how it can be used in various levels of statistical and technical analysis. Finally, this document provides real measurement results and analysis findings based on the Rohde & Schwarz post processing SW suite SmartAnalytics and its machine learning based features Call Stability Score and Network Utilization Rating.

Feb 28, 2024 | AN-No. 8NT10

示波器是工程师和电工每日使用的基础仪器。然而，有时候维护工作所要求的特殊测量并非示波器的标配功能，或者难以进行手动设置。现在，工程师可以使用 R&S®RTH-K38 自定义脚本选件设计自己需要的测量功能和简单的用户界面。本文介绍了如何使用这一独特功能开展铁路维护工作。

5月 06, 2020

R&S CMU300 第一次将高精确度 B 节点参数测试与第 1 层信号处理相结合。 现在，您可以在更现实的条件下测试 B 节点，基于现有概念，这是可能的。 此文档描述了新的测量功能并提供了应用概览。

11月 10, 2005 | AN-No. 1CM58

通感一体化 (ISAC) 是 6G 的关键技术，将各有异同的通信和环境感知融为一体，让 6G 的未来成为现实。实现 ISAC 的关键技术要素包括采用 MIMO 阵列的波束赋形、人工智能 (AI)、现代调制方式和密集的网络基础设施。R&S®AREG800A 汽车雷达回波发生器是一款多功能 ISAC 研发测试解决方案的核心组件。

3月 11, 2024

The topic of this application note is mobile phone measurements – in theory and in practice. It discusses measurements according to the most common standard in use today, GSM.The first, theoretical portion of this application note covers digital modulation and access methods in general. This is followed by an overview of the specific characteristics of the GSM standard as well as a summary of the most important mobile radio measurements.The second, practical portion of this application note covers some of these measurements in detail and runs through them step by step. These measurements can be performed by small groups in labs.The measurements and analysis of the results are intended to illustrate the theoretical portion of the application note and to deepen the reader's understanding.All measurements are performed using the R&S®CMW500 wideband radio communication tester and an off the shelf mobile phone.

Aug 22, 2014 | AN-No. 1MA231

几乎所有的开关电源 (SMPS) 都需要使用电磁干扰 (EMI) 输入滤波器来抑制对电源线产生的任何干扰。设计开关电源时要求集成输入滤波器，这可以确保不会对连接到电源线的系统其他部分带来负面影响。因此，在典型的电源设计中，设计和验证输入滤波器是一项主要任务。根据特定标准进行传导发射 (CE) 测试是一种常用且适宜的验证方法，可在开发周期末期验证设计。现在，这种传导发射测试也将在实验室被用作开发阶段的预一致性测试。在这种情况下，设计人员将获得早期反馈，确认是否必须针对电源线上出现的任何干扰优化设计。多数情况下，设计人员必须调整输入滤波器以更加有效地抑制 SMPS 产生的干扰。但是，设计人员需要知道有关噪声频谱的详细信息，以尽量有效地优化输入滤波器。除了噪声源的幅度和频率信息之外，了解噪声源是共模 (CM) 源还是差模 (DM) 源也将非常有用。在标准传导发射测试中，测量结果将混合共模和差模噪声，因此无法获得更加深入的见解。本文将描述一种使用两个示波器通道分离共模和差模噪声的方法。这种分离方法无需使用噪声分离器等其他硬件组件。设计人员将可以借此区分共模和差模噪声。借助关于主导模式的附加信息，设计人员将可以非常有效地优化输入滤波器。

9月 17, 2020 | AN-No. GFM353

The use of Rohde & Schwarz device drivers under VEE software is not complicated. However, a number of factors are involved, the errors that occur are often difficult to diagnose. This application provides easy and detailed support for installation and troubleshooting using National Instruments or Agilent GPIB boards.

Dec 20, 2012 | AN-No. 1MA035

本应用指南为偶尔操作的 C# 程序员介绍了如何在 Visual Studio 环境中使用罗德与施瓦茨 IVI.NET 仪器驱动程序来自动完成测量任务。

5月 31, 2016 | AN-No. 1MA268