Getting EMI emissions under control is one of those tasks that R&D engineers do not enjoy doing . EMI must often be taken into consideration as early as the design phase, particularly in the case of power electronics systems with increasing switching speeds of wideband gap semiconductors. While EMI receivers or spectrum analyzers are always the preferred choice for these measurements, they are often not available as standard measurement equipment in the R&D lab. To allow optimization early on in the R&D lab, Rohde & Schwarz provides a free tool to simplify conducted emissions debugging using oscilloscopes.

Sep 27, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL372

Simulation can be a big time-saver when designing EMI filters for DC/DC converters. Power supply control chip vendors offer various filter design tools that provide reasonable design choices for filter simulation before any hardware prototype is available. However, simulated results can differ significantly for different tools if simulated models are not accurate or do not cover all the relevant components. Performing a hardware measurement to evaluate the effectiveness of a simulated EMI filter is therefore indispensable.

Sep 21, 2021

R&S®Server-Based Testing helps reduce test times for workloads that can be parallelized. 5G New Radio (5G NR) multicarrier signals are an ideal workload because each component carrier can be analyzed independently and in parallel. In an example EVM measurement, scenario test times are reduced significantly even when receiving I/Q data from just a single instrument.

Sep 13, 2021

The present R&S®SMW-K503/-K504 Interface Control Document contains information on- the R&S descriptor word format, including pulse descriptor words and timed control descriptor words in basic and expert mode- Timing requirements and limitations of the real-time control interface- Properties of the ADV DATA/CTRL network interfaceIt is intended for use by customers using descriptor words to control the R&S®SMW200A in real-time. The interface control document specifies the interface between the customers hardware used for provision of descriptor words and the R&S®SMW200A ADV DATA/CTRL interface. Additional information on descriptor word processing inside the R&S®SMW200A is provided.

Aug 25, 2021 | AN-No. 1GP133

The strict requirement of network synchronization is as old as digital cellular mobile networks. As soon as cells have a neighbor relationship, network synchronization is mandatory in both the frequency and time domains in order to ensure UE QoE and performance (Handover, MIMO, data throughput, etc.). This educational note describes how 5G NR with its extremely flexible specifications is affected by these synchronization requirements, and how it can be measured?

Aug 17, 2021 | AN-No. 8NT05

Linking EDA design simulation and hardware testing to enable an easy, straightforward process flow and first-pass design.

Aug 16, 2021

Automated Solution with High Efficiency

5G New Radio (NR) presents dramatic challenges to the testing of User Equipment (UE) Power Amplifier (PA). Multiple frequency bands, flexible 5G operation mode, multiple PA performance metrics and the MIPI control interface increases the potential PA testing workload significantly. Manually repeating these tests under so many different scenarios can be costly and time consuming. An automated testing solution can help the test engineer to highly improve the testing efficiency.In this application note, it introduces an example of automated testing of 5G UE PA with R&S signal generator, signal and spectrum analyzer, vector signal explorer software, power meter along with power supply.The entire application note is organized with following structure:Chapter 2 outlines the challenges to 5G UE PA testing.Chapter 3 introduces the setup for 5G signal generation and analysis. For 5G signal generation, a batch program of converting *.CSV files with IQ vectors to ARB waveform files is introduced. For 5G signal analysis, the R&S®VSE software is recommended, which enables the separation of RF signal collection and measurement to improve testing efficiency.Chapter 4 provides the informative content about the integration of MIPI control interface for the PA ON/OFF state switching and register configuration.Chapter 5 gives a guide on the implementation of a quick power servo, in which the techniques to speed up the PA power level adjustment are discussed.Chapter 6 summarizes the automated testing procedure.

Aug 09, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL365

In civil aviation, instrument landing system (ILS) transmitters use antenna arrays to provide guidance to approaching aircraft. ILS performance strongly depends on the precise alignment of the magnitude and phase of each element in an antenna array. The R&S®ZNH handheld vector network analyzer with a built-in source allows fast, convenient on-site measurements on the ILS antenna system.

Aug 09, 2021

Connecting simulation and measurements on physical devices

This application note is based on collaborative work between MathWorks® and Rohde & Schwarz. The focus is on linearization of a non-linear device, in our case the RF power amplifier. It is shown how simulation and the integrated functions of the Rohde & Schwarz instruments R&S®SMW200A and R&S®FSW work hand-in-hand with the simulation capabilities from MathWorks in MATLAB / Simulink. The goal is to provide a toolset to enable proper modeling and linearization approaches to optimize and verify the behavior of the power amplifier when used with complex wideband signals as used in 5G NR or latest satellite links.The application note brings code examples and an exemplary block set for MATLAB / Simulink to provide an easy start to replicate and use the described procedure.

Aug 05, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL371

R&S®ZNA 矢量网络分析仪具备集成式本振输出和直接中频输入选件，是一款简单、经济高效的解决方案，适用于使用罗德与施瓦茨毫米波变频器进行双端口和四端口测量。

7月 19, 2021

Vector network analyzers are the most accurate instruments in the microwave engineer’s lab. The R&S®ZNA takes accuracy to a new level. Not only is the instrument extremely precise, but now it also calculates and displays the measurement uncertainty right on the screen as the device under test is being measured.

Jul 19, 2021

基于 R&S®CMX500 的从现场到实验室的 5G 交钥匙解决方案

5G 新空口 (NR) 是 3GPP 在第 15 版规范中正式发布的第五代无线电接口和无线接入技术。随着 5G 技术的出现，通信行业进入新的时代，以满足传统蜂窝通信领域和垂直行业中不断增长的移动通信需求。GSA 报告指出，自 5G NR 商业化以来，全球已部署 162 个网络。在实现 5G NR 网络商业化和推出服务的过程中，现场测试是用户设备 (UE) 供应商应该实施的以用户为中心的重要流程之一。精密功能和通用部署方案必须进行全面检查，以确保在正式发布前达到一定的信心水平。但是，现场测试通常存在若干挑战，例如► 需要进行大量路测，因此成本高昂► 花费大量时间分析路测结果，降低了效率► 测试可重复性较低，无法进行回归测试如果提供替代解决方案以在实验室环境中克服现场测试中存在的所有上述挑战，情况会如何？R&S® 是在全球享有盛誉的测试与测量设备制造商和解决方案提供商，开发了从现场到实验室 (F2L) 的 5G 交钥匙解决方案 R&S®CM360°。这款解决方案► 能够利用 R&S®CMX500 移动无线电测试仪并根据实际网络配置模拟网络，无需进行成本高昂的路测► 具有直观的工具来显示并深入分析问题，因而增强了基于 R&S®SmartAnlytics 的调试效率► 能够根据 R&S®CMX500 提供的实际网络数据配置专用的关键性能指标 (KPI) 测试，保证测试的可靠性和可重复性本应用指南旨在展示 R&S®CM360° F2L 解决方案的现状。

7月 16, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL369

Using R&S®RTP high-performance oscilloscopes and R&S®VSE-K6A phased array measurement option

Jul 12, 2021

电子战接收机任务数据文件可能包含数百个具有数千种模式和波束的发射机，必须通过射频仿真进行测试。这些发射机及其模式和波束通常列在情报数据库中，并且必须从电子表格导入 R&S®Pulse Sequencer 脉冲序列生成软件等发射机仿真应用程序中。为此，R&S®Pulse Sequencer 脉冲序列生成软件提供一个内部脚本编辑器，允许导入用户数据并自动创建发射机、序列或平台配置，无需任何其他软件即可立即输入到射频环境。此外，R&S®Pulse Sequencer 脉冲序列生成软件还提供一个 SCPI 记录器工具，可以在场景数据创建期间收集手动输入的条目并汇入相应的 SCPI 命令列表。此命令列表能够轻松创建可在内部脚本编辑器或外部软件（例如 Matlab、Python）中运行的用户自定义脚本。

7月 01, 2021 | AN-No. 1GP131

Assessing the functionality and performance of 5G VoNR service

Jun 30, 2021

The verification of emissions according to EN or FCC standards is mandatory to avoid any interference with existing users. Besides the common emission tests with measurement bandwidth up to 1 MHz and mean power measurements, most regulations also require to test peak transmission power within a 50 MHz bandwidth to avoid interference with any existing wideband applications, for example radar receivers. This application note provides information how to perform spectral emission measurements on UWB signals with spectrum analyzers using wide bandwidth RBW filters, and explains the capabilities and the limiting factors of the Rohde & Schwarz FSW signal and spectrum analyzer to perform this measurement. The next sections will give further details.

Jun 28, 2021 | AN-No. 1EF109

EN-DC 模式，根据 3GPP 38.521-3 规范

5G 新空口 (NR) 是第三代合作伙伴计划 (3GPP) 在 2018 年首次发布的第 15 版技术标准中指定的无线接入技术 (RAT)。这项技术旨在提高频谱效率，以满足增强型移动宽带 (eMBB)、大规模物联网 (mMTC) 和超可靠低延迟通信 (URLLC) 等无线通信应用的各种需求。5G NR 技术定义了两种部署模式► 非独立 (NSA) 模式，涉及 E-UTRA（针对 LTE 的接入技术）和 5G NR RAT► 独立 (SA) 模式，允许用户设备通过 LTE 或 5G NR RAT 访问 5G 核心网 (5GC)3GPP 38 系列规范中包括 5G NR 空中接口的所有相关核心规范和测试规范。在用户设备的产品生命周期内，用户设备供应商必须在正式发布产品之前通过包括射频、协议、性能测试在内的所有必要一致性测试，确保完成设备认证流程。射频一致性测试是必不可少的市场准入条件。即使在早期的产品研发阶段，也必须确保符合 3GPP 规范。本应用指南介绍了测试配置示例，旨在利用移动无线电测试仪 R&S®CMX 和相关 Web 用户界面 R&S®CMsquares 通过交互式操作模式（即手动操作模式）指导研发用户了解根据 3GPP 38.521-3 规范执行的 5G NR 频率范围 1 (FR1) 非独立用户设备射频一致性测试。阅读本应用指南后，用户应能够使用适当装置手动执行 3GPP 射频一致性测试，并能够理解 R&S®CMsquares 提供的测量结果。

6月 25, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL368

罗德与施瓦茨提供可定制的气压性能测试解决方案，确保 Z 轴精度符合美国联邦通信委员会 (FCC) 规定。

6月 24, 2021

目前的大部分电子设备通常连接交流电，需要通过电源转换级以将交流电压转换为更低的直流电压。各地区中电网的电压和频率各不相同。但是，不同类型的交直流转换级能够为电子设备提供充足的直流电。反激变换器简单且成本低，是功率低于 50 W 的交直流转换应用中常用的一种拓扑结构。大多数消费品使用此类变换器（例如壁挂电源或用于任何消费品应用的电源适配器），以及白色家电和黑色家电等产品中使用的其他类备用辅助电源。交直流转换器应用必须实现输入和输出之间的电气隔离。反激拓扑提供这种电屏障。除了一些常见优势之外，反激变换器还具有固有性寄生组件，能够产生电压峰值极高的振铃波形。如果这些无用振铃不经抑制，会对开关元件等其他组件造成不利影响，也会给电磁干扰 (EMI) 发射带来负面影响。因此，充分抑制和阻滞振铃效应非常重要。阻尼电路（又称缓冲电路）提供此功能。反激变换器可以采用不同的缓冲器结构，每种结构具有各自的优缺点。电源拓扑中需要配置缓冲电路，因此在设计过程中需要实施特定的验证方法以确保设计正确可靠。本文档主要探讨了这些验证方法。

6月 23, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL363

5G is the fifth generation of wireless communication technology supporting cellular networks. From GSM (2G) through to LTE (4G), each generation addresses technical challenges not overcome by its predecessor. As with previous generations, 5G requires new mobile devices and new base stations (BTS).Unlike previous generations, the use of radio beams in 5G requires completely new approaches with regard to the compliance, coverage, and quality of service testing.The new air interface is called 5G NR ("new radio"). This application note describes the measurement challenges of 5G NR and makes clear the benefits of using a monitoring receiver for measuring 5G signals.Real-world examples explain how to perform various key 5G measurements. The final section covers further 5G measurement possibilities using R&S products. "Over-the-air" (OTA) measurements are essential in 5G. This means staff from regulators and operators must work in unknown radio environments that vary according to location (e.g. urban or suburban) and mission (e.g. 5G BTS compliance testing or interference hunting). Measurement equipment must operate in a wide range of scenarios (close to the mast and far from the mast) and offer user-friendly functionality that enables the required measurements.Considering current global deployment trends, this paper focuses on the FR1 frequency band (sub 6 GHz).

Jun 07, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL366

本应用指南基于 CMW500、SMBV100B 和 Vector CANoe.Car2x 软件，介绍如何模拟特定蜂窝车联网 (C-V2X) 无线环境中的道路交通场景和针对远程信息处理控制单元 (TCU) 等被测设备的 (DUT) 消息传输场景。指南展示如何在实验室环境下验证和证实被测设备的 C-V2X 应用。虚拟模拟场景不仅限于 CSAE53-2017 规范的要求，还可以由用户根据本操作指南使用 CANoe 进行调整。车联网 (V2X) 是新一代信息和通信技术，可将车辆与万物相连。V2X 的目标是提高道路安全和高效管控交通流量。C-V2X 旨在提供低延迟的车对车 (V2V)、车对路边基础设施 (V2I) 和车对行人 (V2P) 通信服务，以为未来的高级驾驶员辅助系统 (ADAS) 开拓新局面。C-V2X 是 3GPP 第 14 版规范中定义的一种通信标准，使用 LTE 技术作为通信的物理接口。这项标准描述了两类通信。车对网络 (V2N) 通信通过蜂窝 Uu 接口使用传统的蜂窝链路以将云服务集成到端到端解决方案中，例如为车辆提供特定区域的路况和交通信息。第二类通信称为直接或 PC5/侧行链路（V2V、V2I、V2P）通信，通过 PC5 接口传输数据。在这类通信中，C-V2X 无需使用蜂窝网络基础设施。它可以在无 SIM 和网络辅助的情况下运行，并主要使用 GNSS 进行时间同步。仅通过在实际环境中进行现场测试来验证系统功能和性能既耗时又成本高昂，而且难度非常大。相关功能要求和所需的辅助功能一直在不断变动。因此，开发和引进阶段需要借助测试解决方案来验证是否符合标准。PC5 直接通信能够交换时效性信息和安全相关信息。结合使用诸如 R&S®CMW500 的移动通信测试仪和 C-V2X 场景模拟工具，能够创建可复制的测试场景。这对于实现 C-V2X 验证流程的标准化非常重要，以便获得可靠、可比较的结果，并且有助于表明不同供应商提供的两个 C-V2X 设备之间的端到端功能可正常工作。

6月 02, 2021 | AN-No. GFM341

入门指南

功率探头是射频工程领域的基本测量工具。但是，目前市场上的功率探头不胜枚举，许多产品号称在测量速度和每秒读数等方面性能非凡。因此，要辨别这些夸张之语、确定真正满足特定测量要求的探头是一个难题。本入门指南概述射频功率探头的基础知识，重点介绍了一些重要特性，以协助选择适合每种应用的探头。指南包括三个部分。第一部分介绍选择正确的探头类型：多路径、宽带、平均功率和热功率探头能够满足略有不同的测量需求。第二部分描述探头性能的五种主要特性和各类要求应重点关注的特性。最后，指南简要介绍了三种将探头集成到测量应用的方法。

5月 26, 2021

The test case wizard enables the signal generator to set up all required parameters for conformance testing of 5G NR base stations in no time with just a few clicks.

May 25, 2021

超宽带 (UWB) 技术是针对设备到设备通信的低功率宽带技术。这是一种优秀的射频定位技术，能够准确安全地测量通信设备之间的对等距离、可靠地抵抗干扰、与其他无线电通信系统适当共存且能耗极低。本应用指南描述了如何使用 R&S®CMP200 无线电通信测试仪的 UWB 测量功能在研发和生产中测量 HRP UWB 物理层。

5月 19, 2021 | AN-No. GFM362

Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) bridges the gap between communications systems and classic radar systems. Despite the increasing capabilities of mobile communications, SSR remains a major component in airspace surveillance. State-of-the-art methods such as Mode S reply enhance SSR with broadcast-like capabilities and enable airports in remote locations to surveil the airspace even if no radar is available. More advanced techniques such as automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) utilize the infrastructure provided by a Mode S reply transponder to provide even more information for ground control and other aircraft.

May 17, 2021

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) uses radar wavelengths for airborne or spaceborne ground mapping. The resolution of the SAR ground map depends on the range and cross-range SAR processing resolution. Cross-range resolution is determined by integrating pulses along a flight path for a period of time to create a synthetic aperture. Longer synthetic apertures result in finer cross-range resolution. Range resolution is achieved by radar waveform bandwidth in the form of a linear frequency modulated (LFM) chirp. Wider bandwidth enables finer range resolution.

Apr 16, 2021

This document provides information on how to perform manual testing based on current R&S TA-TRS QuickStep V4.05 platform in order to adapt to the new released EN 303 345 for broadcast sound receivers. It serves as a bridged document before new standard software package released by R&S for upgrade.

Apr 14, 2021

本应用指南由测试与测量专家罗德与施瓦茨联合新罕布什尔大学互操作性实验室 (UNH-IOL) 共同制定，描述了相关实现方法 (MOI) 以使用罗德与施瓦茨的矢量网络分析仪测试设备根据 InfiniBand 标准（最高符合数据率指示器 HDR）精确、快速、无差错地执行高速电缆和背板一致性测试。

4月 07, 2021 | AN-No. GFM357

本应用指南由测试与测量专家罗德与施瓦茨联合新罕布什尔大学互操作性实验室 (UNH-IOL) 共同制定，描述了相关实现方法 (MOI) 以使用罗德与施瓦茨的矢量网络分析仪测试设备根据 IEEE 802.3 标准（最高符合 802.3ck 规范）精确、快速、无差错地执行高速电缆和背板一致性测试。

4月 07, 2021 | AN-No. GFM356

分析高速数据通信接口是一项重要任务，可确保信号完整性。这种分析的一个主要挑战在于连接物理接口和示波器，因为大部分数据通信接口不提供适用于射频的测试接头。这需要使用测试夹具连接高速数据通信中频接口和示波器的射频连接器，但这会影响信号完整性测量。带有高级抖动选件的 R&S®RTP 和 R&S®RTO2000 示波器可以分析和分离抖动影响。此外，该选件自身还可以评估测试夹具和迹线的影响，有助于用户充分了解测试装置的影响。

3月 31, 2021