示波器是功率电子工程师的得力助手。借助强大易用的 FFT 分析功能，示波器还可应用于 EMI 调试，节省了大量时间与资金。示波器的一项典型应用就是在早期开发阶段验证 EMI 滤波器的有效性。

9月 23, 2019

The topic of this application note is mobile phone measurements – in theory and in practice. It discusses measurements according to the most common standard in use today, GSM.The first, theoretical portion of this application note covers digital modulation and access methods in general. This is followed by an overview of the specific characteristics of the GSM standard as well as a summary of the most important mobile radio measurements.The second, practical portion of this application note covers some of these measurements in detail and runs through them step by step. These measurements can be performed by small groups in labs.The measurements and analysis of the results are intended to illustrate the theoretical portion of the application note and to deepen the reader's understanding.All measurements are performed using the R&S®CMW500 wideband radio communication tester and an off the shelf mobile phone.

Aug 22, 2014 | AN-No. 1MA231

高速串行接口一般通过差分信令传输数据，差分探头可用于查看信号迹线。除了差分输入之外，这些探头还具备接地连接。

11月 02, 2022

随着数据率的不断提升，高速数字设计的信号完整性问题变得愈加严苛

7月 08, 2022

带 DDR 存储器的嵌入式设备面临的一个主要挑战是在电源及接地信号起伏的情况下保持信号完整性。当电源电压降低、开关速度增加，导致对电源路径容差和抖动的要求更严格时，这点变得更加重要。

4月 05, 2017

Best practices for mobile network testing for business-critical applications

Business-critical infrastructure: Industrial applications require extremely high reliability and availability, as any downtime can result in significant financial losses. Fundamental requirements: Industrial applications often require low latency and even more important a sustainable latency to ensure real-time communication and control. Measurement Techniques: As soon as the radio access network is used, innovative testing methods are needed beforehand to proactively test the network capability and to identify any potential issues. We propose a standard test procedure for the characterization of a network regarding industrial use-cases that covers a representative set of different, common types of network traffic.

Aug 13, 2024 | AN-No. 8NT17

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is an integral part of 3GPP E-UTRA long term evolution (LTE). As part of MIMO, beamforming is also used in LTE. This application note provides a brief summary of the transmission modes (TM) in LTE and describes the beamforming measurements for base stations (BS) and user equipment (UE). The T&M options using various Rohde & Schwarz instruments are also presented.

Apr 26, 2013 | AN-No. 1MA187

该应用指南解释了如何使用 R&S®FSH4/8/13/20 手持式频谱分析仪执行 LTE 基站空中传输 (OTA) 测量。该应用指南描述了必要的测量设置并解释了在不同测量模式下获得的结果。

9月 12, 2013 | AN-No. 1EF87

Best practices for national regulatory authorities

Key points:Importance of field measurements: Traditional network planning tools and models only offer an estimated view of mobile coverage. Field measurements are conducted under real geographical and load conditions, and therefore provide a more accurate picture and can discover interferences more effectively. Coverage investigations: When deploying a mobile network, operators must adhere to regulatory standards and licensing conditions. As a result, regulatory authorities carry out field measurements on a regular or ad hoc basis to validate compliance or investigate customer complaints. This process identifies coverage gaps and areas of poor network quality, enabling regulatory authorities to take actions to enhance service quality for consumers and guide network expansion.Foster competition: If the field measurements of the coverage and performance are performed on a scale representative of a given country, the transparency of these results can promote healthy competition between operators and better service for consumers, which is essential for economic growth and social development.Measurement Techniques: The harmonized methodology for measuring and evaluating data throughput and QoE based on popular services is described in ETSI TR 103 559.

Apr 15, 2024 | AN-No. 8NT14

Spectrum scans are beneficial for many use-cases such as troubleshooting, interference detection and interference hunting, or verification tasks like scheduler verification or other engineering tasks. A time-gated spectrum scan, which is a power spectrum scan which applies a time gate on uplink/downlink slots/symbols and/or the guard period reveals even more details in uplink/downlink or guard period power spectrum. This allows to focus on the uplink / downlink or guard period power spectrum in 5G NR TDD networks. This educational note explains use cases for spectrum measurements, the complexity in 5G TDD and its technology basics, and which problems can be solved with the described solution. The software used is R&S®ROMES4 together with a R&S®TSMx6 drive and walk test scanner.

Sep 21, 2023 | AN-No. 8NT08

LTE-M（又称 Cat M1）是 3GPP 针对 IoT 应用规定的一项机器类型通信 (MTC) 标准。本应用指南介绍了技术概览和标准详情，并概括了用于 LTE-M 测量的 R&S®TSMx 扫频仪功能。

7月 26, 2019 | AN-No. 8NT04

在 IoT 设备活动的所有阶段（从睡眠模式到接收和发射模式）同时测量从微安到安培范围内的各种电流电平

10月 01, 2019

多年以来，车辆制造商和政府机构一直在探寻方法以提高道路安全性、有效管理交通流量以及在未来增强驾驶舒适性、便捷性和安全性。车联网 (V2X) 是新一代信息和通信技术，可将车辆与万物相连，能够支持实现这些愿景。V2X 旨在提供低延迟的车对车 (V2V)、车对路边基础设施 (V2I) 和车对行人 (V2P) 通信，以为未来的驾驶员辅助系统开拓新局面。蜂窝车联网 (C-V2X) 是 3GPP R14 规范中定义的一种通信标准，使用 LTE 技术作为通信的物理接口。LTE C-V2X 扫频仪支持客户验证、测试和优化正在部署或早已建立的 ITS 交通系统。这是因为扫频仪能够以无源方式侦听从路边单元 (RSU)、车辆或任何其他支持 C-V2X 的设备广播的电脑消息 (5.9 GHz)。传统的扫频仪测量适用于所有物理通道（PSCCH 和 PSSCH）以及北美、欧洲和中国三大地区的已解码 ITS 消息内容，并会测量射频信号功率以及 RSRP、RS-CINR 和 RSSI 等质量参数。

10月 21, 2022 | AN-No. 8NT07

在可执行重复测量的确定性实验室环境中利用标准化和用户自定义的衰落分布以在实际衰落条件下验证和优化产品设计。

10月 27, 2020

With all these new flexibilities introduced with 5G, the radio access has become more complex to understand and analyze. More network interfaces and RAN configuration parameters have to be managed and the RAN and in particular the connection control, mobility and measurement reporting are decisive for the network performance. It will be vital for the system experts and radio engineers to gain knowledge and evolve their methods and tools to facilitate the work to optimize and troubleshoot 5G and 4G RAN performance. Thus, tools are needed that allow for easier understanding of the message flows in the radio protocols. The R&S®ROMES4 KPIs and Smart Events will help doing the work much easier and quicker. They are defined for a key set of LTE, EN-DC and NR RRC connection control and mobility procedures where the performance is crucial to achieve high quality network performance. Trouble shooting problematic cases and optimization of RAN protocols are key drivers to improve the mobile network performance with R&S®ROMES4.

Jun 28, 2022 | AN-No. 8NT06

频段更多，动态范围更大，导致新射频前端 (RFFE) 的特性测量和生产应用需要测试更多的测试点。积极管理测试时间和成本并维持测试质量变得比以往更加重要。

6月 08, 2020

罗德与施瓦茨示波器的强大功能

9月 25, 2019

随着高速数字设计中的数据速率不断增加，整体系统抖动阈值变得愈加严苛。这尤其适用于时钟树的各种组件，其中参考时钟、时钟缓存器和抖动衰减器的抖动阈值要求更加严苛。相位噪声分析仪具备一流的相位噪声灵敏度，是执行此类测试的首选仪器。

5月 08, 2018

3GPP TS36.141 规定了针对 EUTRA 基站 (eNodeB) 的一致性测试。R14 规范 (LTE-Advanced Pro) 增加了多项测试，包括针对增强型授权辅助接入 (eLAA) 的测试。本应用指南介绍了如何使用罗德与施瓦茨的矢量信号发生器轻松快速地执行所有必要的性能测试（TS36.141 第 8 章）。通过示例说明具体的手动操作， 使用免费软件程序支持并演示远程操作。LTE 基站发射机 (Tx) 测试（TS36.141 第 6 章）如应用指南 1MA154 中所述。LTE 基站接收机 (Rx) 测试（TS36.141 第 7 章）如应用指南 1MA195 中所述。

5月 11, 2016 | AN-No. 1MA162

Crucial for proper operation of mobile networks. Part 4 of the series on Cable and Antenna verification

Critical Infrastructure: Mobile base stations rely on a complex interplay of components, including often-overlooked elements like filter combiners, RF splitters and tappers, and cables, to deliver uninterrupted mobile communications.Vulnerability to Environmental Factors: Filter combiners, accessories, and cabling in mobile base stations are susceptible to harsh environmental stressors, which can lead to signal degradation and reduced system availability.Fundamental Properties: The functional integrity of mobile base station components is measured against key RF parameters, including frequency response and insertion loss, to ensure conformance to manufacturer and industry standards (e.g., 3GPP, ETSI).Measurement Techniques: Systematic and comprehensive testing is essential to validate the functional integrity of critical mobile base station components, detect latent defects, and optimize overall system performance.

Jan 09, 2025 | AN-No. 8NT20

借助罗德与施瓦茨的移动网络测试解决方案，运营商能够通过硬件相关、容量增强型功能（比如，天线仰角优化、载波聚合、4x4 MIMO 以及 6 扇区站点）有效增加网络容量。

8月 09, 2016

基于自动电平控制 (ALC) 的独特测试装置使用 R&S®ZVA矢量网络分析仪和 R&S®BBA150宽带放大器，可以在短测试时间内提供高度准确且可复制的结果。

9月 27, 2013

Mobile network operators worldwide face cost pressures and escalating network complexity. The advent of 5G-NR has ushered in new use cases and flexibility, but it also comes with more stringent performance and availability requirements.Machine Learning can serve as a catalyst for the market to unearth deep insights that would otherwise remain concealed. It can also significantly streamline everyday tasks by fostering a smarter system that guides users through their routine work processes, rather than obliging them to repeat each (manual) step. Rohde & Schwarz Mobile Network Testing has focused its efforts on delivering Machine Learning use cases that distill relevant insights from drive testing data, thereby offering substantial benefits to users.This educational note explains the motivation and reasoning why this kind of approach is needed, what are the benefits of the machine learning offering and it takes a deeper look into how it can be used in various levels of statistical and technical analysis. Finally, this document provides real measurement results and analysis findings based on the Rohde & Schwarz post processing SW suite SmartAnalytics and its machine learning based features Call Stability Score and Network Utilization Rating.

Feb 28, 2024 | AN-No. 8NT10

示波器是工程师和电工每日使用的基础仪器。然而，有时候维护工作所要求的特殊测量并非示波器的标配功能，或者难以进行手动设置。现在，工程师可以使用 R&S®RTH-K38 自定义脚本选件设计自己需要的测量功能和简单的用户界面。本文介绍了如何使用这一独特功能开展铁路维护工作。

5月 06, 2020

越来越多的移动无线网络实施远程无线电设备 (RE)，根据 CPRI 等标准化传输协议，此类设备通过数字接口连接到基站的主装置。为测试 RE 设备，罗德与施瓦茨提供了一种基于 R&S®EX-IQ-BOX [型号 K04] 的综合测试解决方案。 该关键组件是一种可配置的数字接口模块，可用于将罗德与施瓦茨测试设备连接到使用 CPRI 数据传输的被测 RE。 该应用指南详细解释了成功测试远程无线电头端所需的仪器设置及配置。

8月 05, 2013 | AN-No. 1GP78

为确保 NB-IoT 应用正确工作，需要充分的网络覆盖。使用者必须测量覆盖范围，以确保可靠的 NB-IoT 连接。罗德与施瓦茨的移动网络测试提供了独特组合的测试解决方案，能够使用网络扫频仪准确测量下行链路覆盖范围。解决方案能够使用连接到 R&S®ROMES 的 NB-IoT 设备测量通信过程中的设备/网络交互、上行链路行为、协议、信令负载和能源效率。

2月 20, 2018

Crucial for proper operation of mobile networks - Part 3 of the series on Cable and Antenna verification

Key points: Critical Infrastructure: Leaky feeder systems are a crucial, yet costly to modify, element of in-building and tunnel infrastructure for mobile communication coverage.Vulnerability to Environmental Factors: The leaky feeder system's exposure to high humidity, extreme temperatures, and physical stress makes it prone to water ingress, corrosion, mechanical damage, and material degradation.Fundamental Properties: Changes in a leaky feeder system's characteristic impedance cause reflections of forward RF energy, resulting in discontinuities, which can occur at connectors, kinks, or compressions in the cable.Measurement Techniques: Due to practical limitations, leaky feeder system testing typically involves measuring insertion and return loss, supplemented by evaluating key performance indicators (KPIs) and user equipment reports to assess actual coverage and identify potential defects.

Dec 05, 2024 | AN-No. 8NT19

自数字蜂窝移动网络出现以来，便需要满足严格的网络同步要求。一旦出现相邻小区，就必须进行频域和时域网络同步，以保证用户设备的体验质量和性能（切换、MIMO、数据吞吐量等）。本教学指南描述了这些同步要求如何影响规格灵活的 5G NR，并介绍了相应测量方法。

8月 17, 2021 | AN-No. 8NT05

MIPI D-PHY is a low-power, cost-effective physical layer interface, essential in mobile devices and advanced technology systems. It's a high-speed, source-synchronous interface used in smartphone cameras, smartwatch displays, drones, in-car entertainment, automobile cameras, and radar sensors. This application note explores MIPI D-PHY's features, functionality, and testing practices for device compliance, addressing common issues. It highlights Rohde & Schwarz's equipment for ensuring compatibility and solving issues with MIPI D-PHY, aligned with MIPI D-PHY specification version 2.5.Developed by the MIPI Alliance, D-PHY connects cameras and displays to a host processor via CSI-2 or DSI protocols. It features a master-slave, asymmetrical design for reduced link complexity. Key aspects include a unidirectional clock, optional data signal directions, different data rates for half-duplex operation, point-to-point communication, and high-speed (HS) and low-power (LP) modes for data transfer and battery preservation. In HS mode, D-PHY uses differential signaling with specific impedance, while in LP mode, it operates in a single-ended manner with high impedance termination.The application note from Rohde & Schwarz provides insights into characterizing and debugging MIPI D-PHY, offering conformance verification with MIPI Alliance standards and protocol decoding options.

Jan 31, 2024 | AN-No. 1SL410

Modern societies worldwide depend on the performance, reliability and security of critical infrastructures and networks. There is a plethora of “new verticals” such as manufacturing, warehouse, mining, ports or other critical infrastructure, just to name a few. These “new vertical” use cases all have one common requirement: the mobile network needs to provide a superior performance compared to a commercial mobile network. In such environments 5G brings new capabilities to build fast and secure campus or private networks tuned to higher performance, which can increase productivity and efficiency. To be successful in these business-critical use cases, the wireless networks need to be as reliable as the wired ones. This educational note describes the different test methods to be able to verify the superior network performance and to help finding root causes of potential problems limiting the performance. We distinguish between passive tests and active tests.

Aug 11, 2023 | AN-No. 8NT09