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This educational note describes the different methods for synchronizing two or more oscilloscopes and highlights their advantages and disadvantages. It includes a detailed user guide on how to use R&S ScopeSync to synchronize two or more oscilloscopes.

English - 2026年7月15日

This application note explains how noise sets the sensitivity and usable dynamic range of EMI receivers and how to configure measurements accordingly. It covers the essentials on noise figure and system design for noise reduction, such as the preamplifier placement. The application note explains receiver settings, that all shape the displayed noise floor, and the dynamic-range trade-offs between attenuation, preamplification and preselection. It helps understanding effects on the noise floor and their consequences for compliance EMI measurements and explains how to interpret datasheet values such as DANL. Reading it helps EMC engineers set up receivers for maximum sensitivity, avoid overestimating emissions near the limit, correctly compare instrument datasheet specifications, and distinguish emissions from instrument-generated noise floor artifacts such as spurious responses or input mismatching.

English - 2026年7月14日

End-to-end hybrid eCall module conformance testing under controlled network conditions in line with EN18052:2025

English - 2026年7月6日

Multiple applications such as 5G, satellite communications or radar systems use phased array antennas for beamforming, especially in the millimeterwave (mmWave) range. The individual antenna elements typically use a common signal but with individual phase shift and level ranges. The R&S®ZNA vector network analyzer offers up to four TX paths and eight RX paths for maximum flexibility in a one-box antenna test solution. It easily addresses all interesting frequency ranges such as major 5G FR2 bands as well as Ka and V bands for satellite links.

English - 2026年7月3日

PAM-N signaling is increasingly common across high-speed serial interfaces, from Automotive Ethernet and data center interconnects to storage and general-purpose SerDes links, wherever higher spectral efficiency is required within constrained bandwidth. However, its multi-level nature means that conventional NRZ-based measurement approaches are no longer sufficient. This application note provides a structured, measurement-driven workflow for analyzing PAM-N signals on the R&S®RTP oscilloscope, using MGBASE-T1 PAM-4 as a practical black-box transmitter example. It guides users through the complete signal integrity evaluation sequence, including differential signal setup, CDR-based eye-diagram analysis with both software-based Advanced Eye and hardware-based Live Eye, transition-specific jitter decomposition, channel embedding using S-parameter models, receiver-side equalization, and SCPI-based automation. Advanced Eye provides the stable statistical view needed for detailed eye evaluation, per-eye measurements, and level-dependent analysis, while Live Eye complements this with a real-time view of signal stability, timing variation, and transient behavior as the signal is acquired. By following the workflow, engineers can move beyond a single composite eye diagram or aggregate jitter value and identify where signal degradation originates, whether from level-dependent eye closure, transition-specific timing behavior, channel loss, or equalization effects. The document is useful both as a step-by-step guide for engineers new to PAM-N measurements and as a reference for users targeting a specific part of the analysis workflow. Although MGBASE-T1 PAM-4 is used as the working example, the measurement logic can be transferred to other PAM-N transmitter investigations by adapting the signal configuration and analysis setup to the interface under test.

English - 2026年7月2日

The R&S®PR300 portable monitoring receiver sets new benchmarks with its high performance, compact design and 125 MHz real-time bandwidth. By combining high-speed scanning with a user-friendly interface, it enhances field operations and signal detection. This synergy provides a seamless operational experience and a complete spectral overview, making the identification and location of complex wideband signals more efficient and accurate than ever before.

English - 2026年6月24日

The R&S®PR300 portable monitoring receiver sets new benchmarks with its high performance, compact design and 125 MHz real-time bandwidth. By combining high-speed scanning with a user-friendly interface, it enhances field operations and signal detection. This synergy provides a seamless operational experience and a complete spectral overview, making the identification and location of complex wideband signals more efficient and accurate than ever before.

English - 2026年6月24日

The R&S®PR300 portable monitoring receiver sets new benchmarks with its high performance, compact design and 125 MHz real-time bandwidth. By combining high-speed scanning with a user-friendly interface, it enhances field operations and signal detection. This synergy provides a seamless operational experience and a complete spectral overview, making the identification and location of complex wideband signals more efficient and accurate than ever before.

English - 2026年6月15日

The purpose of this document is to provide step-by-step guidance on how to perform VESA compliance testing on a DisplayPort UHBR Receiver device for Return Loss.Throughout this Method of Implementation (MOI), procedures will detail how to perform such VESA compliance testing using the R&S® ZNB3000 lineup of Network Analyzers.

English - 2026年6月11日

The purpose of this document is to provide step-by-step guidance on how to perform VESA compliance testing on a DisplayPort UHBR Transmitter device for Return Loss.Throughout this Method of Implementation (MOI), procedures will detail how to perform such VESA compliance testing using the R&S® ZNB3000 lineup of Network Analyzers.

English - 2026年6月11日

This educational note provides a practical introduction to Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) signaling and its role in modern high-speed digital communication systems. Starting from the basic principles of PAM-N and the relationship between bit rate and symbol rate, it explains why multilevel signaling has become an important alternative to traditional NRZ transmission in bandwidth-constrained interfaces. The note also discusses key implementation aspects such as coupling, lane configuration, line coding, scrambling, and forward error correction, showing how these factors influence signal behavior and test requirements. A dedicated section on signal integrity analysis explains the impact of reduced eye margins, transition-dependent jitter, and equalization on PAM-N measurements. Using Rohde & Schwarz oscilloscope solutions as practical examples, the note demonstrates how engineers can analyze stacked eye diagrams, isolate individual PAM eyes, evaluate transition-level jitter, and apply equalization techniques for reliable PAM signal characterization.

English - 2026年6月1日

RF engineers are increasingly confronted with the task of characterizing devices operating in the mmWave range. The vector network analyzer (VNA) R&S ZNA, along with R&S or RPG ZC<xxx> mmWave converters, provides a broad range of measurement solutions fulfilling this task. This application note is intended to provide help for choosing the right measuring instruments and accessories, interconnecting them correctly, setting up the instruments, calibrating them and finally obtaining measurement results.Both linear and nonlinear measurement quantities are covered. In both categories, one further distinguishes between devices that do not change the frequency of the input signal (e.g. transmission lines, attenuators, amplifiers) and those that do (e.g. mixers, frequency multipliers). Generally, the complexity of setup and calibration is higher in the latter case.The ZNA user interface is designed to assist the user with defining the wanted measurement quantities and their associated parameters like source power, LO frequency, and tone distance for two-tone measurements. It shows the needed setup schematically and proposes how to calibrate this setup including all necessary steps. Many common pitfalls lurking when calibration is completely done manually are avoided by automatic compilation of the calibration.Following this concept, the chapters of this application note first give a brief description of the characterization quantities treated in the chapter, then outline the measurement setup, take a look at calibration and provide examples of measurement results as they appear on the ZNA display.

English - 2026年4月29日

This tool is intended to support on transferring transducer data from and to local files to the R&S receivers and the R&S®ELEKTRA software. It allows editing, creation and deletion remotely on the instrument or software and enables transferring transducer data between files of all common formats and the receiver/software. Many common CSV or TXT based exchange formats for calibration data were implemented so allow importing of those data to the instrument or R&S®ELEKTRA software. Support file formats are: csv (most common for data exchange), tdf (format used on the instruments), s1p and s2p (commonly used for network analysis) and txt.

English - 2026年3月23日

Modern measuring instruments provide a spatially resolved transmission phase that can be used in phase homogeneity evaluation and threshold definition.

English - 2026年3月6日

Electrostatic discharge is a risk to all electronic equipment, making compliance with standards such as IEC 61000-4-2 essential. The standards dictate both testing procedures and the required ESD generator performance. Prior to use, ESD generator output must be verified with a calibrated target and a highperformance oscilloscope for accurate current pulse generation in line with the standard. Lab class instruments are ideal for verification measurements thanks to their superior measurement capabilities and dedicated ESD measurement functions. The solution lets users efficiently verify and document the ESD generator.

English - 2026年3月4日

The upcoming sixth generation (6G) of mobile communication systems is expected to push technological boundaries by enabling ultra-high data rates and extremely low latency. It aims to support a wide range of innovative use cases, typically categorized into four domains: Network-Enabled Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Multisensory Extended Reality, Integrated Sensing and Communications, and Personalized User Experiences. Among the various promising enablers, sub-THz communications have emerged as a technology candidate for the 6G and beyond era, offering the potential for terabit-per-second data rates to meet the extreme performance demands of these applications. To realize this vision, operation in sub-THz frequency bands is part of ongoing research projects.This application note presents a practical approach to generate sub-THz communication signals for 6G based on using DFT-s-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM) modulation. The implementation is realized on a flexible, GUI-controlled testbed built with Rohde & Schwarz instruments, including the SFI100A vector signal generator, FSW signal and spectrum analyzer and external RF frontends.A custom-built graphical user interface (GUI) coordinates all equipment and enables rapid prototyping of communication signal configurations, control of signal generation and measurement automation.This application note serves as a guide for researchers and engineers looking to evaluate or generate future communication signals in the sub-THz domain using commercial measurement equipment.

English - 2026年2月24日

The faster remote control data transfer feature available with MXO oscilloscopes is an efficient solution to optimize data collection processes in automated testing environments while still maintaining measurement synchronization.

English - 2026年2月17日

How to ensure low group delay for highly integrated RF frontends including upconversion, amplification and the antenna in an over-the-air (OTA) environment.

English - 2026年2月13日

Overcome phase uncertainty for different measurement frequencies in mixer or upconverter and downconverter validation for reliable group delay measurements.

English - 2026年2月9日

Accelerate automotive radar testing under real-world EMC conditions with less complexity and greater reliability.

English - 2026年2月4日